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6\/6\/2004<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (\u0634\u0643\u06441)0 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b<\/p>\n
\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 0 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n
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1979\u0645 \u060c \u0635 76 \u060c 103) 0<\/p>\n
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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 0 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0624\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 0 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u06460<\/p>\n
\n\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 (\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0635 458) 0 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f<\/p>\n
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\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 0 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n
1-\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 85% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 0 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ( \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a 1998 \u060c \u0635 121 ) 0
\n2-\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (\u0634\u0643\u06442) (The Times Atlas 1998, pp.18,19)
\n3-\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 0
\n4-\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f 0 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a (\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642<\/p>\n
1998 \u0635 459) 0
\n5-\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062a<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0645 0
\n6-\u00a0\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 (1339 – 1809) \u060c \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 0 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646<\/p>\n
\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1809 – 1839\u0645) \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1839 – 1947\u0645) \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 0
\n7-\u00a0\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 5\/1\/1949\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n
\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647 0<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 :<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 0 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 0 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 0 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
0 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n
1-\u00a0\u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a 0
\n2-\u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 0
\n3-\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 0<\/p>\n
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\n2-\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u061f 0
\n3-\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u061f 0
\n4-\u00a0\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062e\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u061f 0
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\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a :<\/p>\n
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\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 3300 \u0643\u06452 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b 0 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u060c ( \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 3 ) \u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ( \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 6245 )0<\/p>\n
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1965\u0645 0 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0646<\/p>\n
\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a ( \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 ) \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 0 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a 0 ( \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a 1998\u060c \u0635 124 ) 0<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a0 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n
\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a 0 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n
\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 (13) \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a ( \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f 1996\u0645 \u060c \u0635 98) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1993\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a<\/p>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f 1996 \u060c \u0635 98 \u060c 99 ) 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 0 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648<\/p>\n
1999\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2000\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0645\u0646<\/p>\n
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\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 0<\/p>\n
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\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a 0 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 0 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 (855) \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (18) \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 0 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a 0 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 0<\/p>\n
\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000\u0645<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \/\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a
\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0( \u0643\u06452)\u00a0( \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 )\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646(%)
\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u00a0263\u0631287\u06313\u00a01000\u00a014\u00a014 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629
\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 0 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0640\u0640\u064a\u00a0 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645
\n\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 0
\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00a0940\u0631803\u00a0130\u00a098\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0646\u00a0 \u060c
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0634 0
\n\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u00a0935\u0631217\u00a013 ( \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u00a085\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0646\u00a0 \u060c
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ) \u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0648\u0646 0<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 : 1- The Times Atlas Of The World, Times Book, London, 1998, PP.15,25.
\n2-\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a \u060c \u00a0\u00a01996 \u060c \u0635 42 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/p>\n
\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646<\/p>\n
\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 0 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n
\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 0 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 530 – 536 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 570 – 580 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b (The Times Atlas , 1998,P.3)<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5000\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062a 0<\/p>\n
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\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 (1844 – 1904) \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631<\/p>\n
\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u06290 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896 \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 0 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b ( \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 1979 \u060c<\/p>\n
\u0635 60 ) 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0631 (1869 – 1946\u0645 ) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062e<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 ( \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 1979<\/p>\n
\u060c \u0635 90) 0
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 0 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 0 \u0648\u0642\u062f<\/p>\n
\u062d\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 0 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062a 0 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 ( \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 ) \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u06470<\/p>\n
\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b : \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e ” \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629 0 \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n
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\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 0 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 0<\/p>\n
\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (2) \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646
\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646
\n\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u00a0000\u0631175\u06311\u00a0000\u0631587<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u00a0000\u0631400\u00a0000\u0631315<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00a0414\u06313\u00a0120\u06312
\n\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00a0175\u06314\u00a0590\u06311
\n\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0277\u00a0410<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a )\u00a0190\u00a0–
\n\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627\u00a053\u00a010<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629\u00a0500\u06312\u0643\u0645\u00a0300\u06312\u0643\u0645<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 : 1- The International Institute for strategic studies, The Military Balance, 1999,160,161, 166. 2000, London, Oxford<\/p>\n
University Press,PP.
\n2-\u00a0\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 13672 0<\/p>\n
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\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1948\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f 0 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646<\/p>\n
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( \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 6245 ) 0<\/p>\n
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\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f :<\/p>\n
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1-\u00a0\u0637\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 0
\n2-\u00a0\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 0
\n3-\u00a0\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 – \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a – \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 0
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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 0 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 0 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0646\u0635\u0641<\/p>\n
\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 (36) \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b ( \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 6245) 0<\/p>\n
\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 0 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 (THE TIMES ATLAS<\/p>\n
1998, PP.15,25) 0 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (43) \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0648 (67) \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 0<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 530\u063116 \u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (28) \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645 1225 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0627\u064b \u060c<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 (15) \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n
\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 0 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 (720) \u0643\u0645 \u060c<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u0630\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 0<\/p>\n
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(360) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b ( \u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 2000\u0645 \u060c \u0635 41) \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b 0 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 (500) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 0 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/p>\n
0 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 0<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 0<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\n1-\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u060c 1991\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a 0
\n2-\u00a0\u0622\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0647\u062f \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c\u00a0 2000\u0645\u00a0 \u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 0
\n3-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1997\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 0
\n4-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1971\u0645 – 1994\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1998\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 0
\n5-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u060c 1997\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 0
\n6-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u060c 1994\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 0
\n7-\u00a0\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 13672 0
\n8-\u00a0\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629: 4\/3\/2000\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1403 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1379 \u060c 4\/6\/1999\u06450
\n9-\u00a0\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 6233 \u060c 6245 \u060c 6280 \u060c 6321 \u060c 6328 0
\n10-\u00a0\u062c\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a \u060c 1994\u0645 0
\n11-\u00a0\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f \u060c 1976\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f0
\n12-\u00a0\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u060c 1984\u0645 \u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 0
\n13-\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1976\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 0
\n14-\u00a0\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1979\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 0
\n15-\u00a0\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c 1988\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 0
\n16-\u00a0\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1998\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06290
\n17-\u00a0\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c 2000\u06450
\n18-\u00a0\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c 1979\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 0
\n19-\u00a0\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a \u060c 1996\u0645 0
\n20-\u00a0\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 0
\n21-\u00a0\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 100 ) \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2000\u0645 0
\n22-\u00a0\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 6245 0
\n23-\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u060c 1997\u0645 \u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 0
\n24-\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u060c 1989\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 0
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\n1-\u00a0The Daily Telegraph, September 16th,1999. \n\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a :<\/p>\n \u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b 0 \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (63%) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (5\u063135%) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (5\u06311%) \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 0<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 5\/1\/1949\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 0<\/p>\n \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 0 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 0<\/p>\n ABSTRACT \u00a0The aim of this research is to shed alight on the problem of Kashmir since the independence of India and Pakistan at<\/p>\n 1947. The study concentrate in The historical, geopolitical and strategical analyses of Kashmir which India occupied about (63%)<\/p>\n of Kashmir area, and each of Pakistan and China occupied about (35.5%) and (1.5%) respectively.<\/p>\n \u00a0The general Assembly of the ( UN) gave, in its resolution at 1949, the people of Kashmir the right of making their<\/p>\n decision in aplebicite, but India has refused its implementation.<\/p>\n \u00a0Three wars occured between India and Pakistan during the cold war period, the weapon race made them atomic states.<\/p>\n \u00a0Implementation of the UN. resolution can be suggested as the only solution of the problem<\/p>\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 6\/6\/2004 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 : \u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (\u0634\u0643\u06441)0 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 … Continue reading
\n2-\u00a0Gulf Times, Nov. 27th. 1990.
\n3-\u00a0The International Institute for Strategic Sutdies, The Military Balance, 1999, 2000, London, Oxford University Press.
\n4-\u00a0Indepedent Jammu of Kashmir: Justification & Advantages.
\n5-\u00a0Indian Point of View.
\nHttp:\/\/WWW<\/a>. Geocities. Com.\/Capitol Hill\/Senate\/ 5876\/ Indian Pov. Html.
\n6-\u00a0Kashmir Point of View, Http: 11.
\nwww. Geo Cities. Com\/Capitol Hill\/ Senate\/ 5876\/Kasl Pov. Html.
\n7-\u00a0The New York Times June 28, 1998, Http : \/\/11 Members. Aol. Com. Kashmir 290\/n17. Html.
\nThe Simla Kashmir Point of View, Http: 11
\n8-\u00a0The New Oxford Atlas, Oxford University Press, 1980.
\n9-\u00a0Raja Asghar,\/ Kashmir Group.
\nHttp: 11 Members. Aol. Com\/Kashmir 190 n 16. Html.
\n10-\u00a0The Times Atlas of the World, Times Book, London 1998.
\n11-\u00a0Victoria Schofoeld, Kashmir In Crossfire.
\nHttp: WWW. Unman. Nte\/Kn(s\/ Cross Fire\/ Cf Detail. Html.<\/p>\n
\nThe Southern Asian Powers and Their Rivalry On Kashmir<\/p>\n